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Abstract

The Blackgram culture VBG04-014 is a cross derivative of Vamban 1 x Vigna mungo var. silvestris 1 released as variety TNAU Blackgram VBN(Bg)6, it is maturing in 65-70 days and suited for cultivation under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. It has an average yield potential of 871 Kg per hectare. This culture is resistant to Yellow Mosaic Virus, Leaf Curl Virus and less damage of pod borer. It possesses desirable characters like high protein content (21.1%). Grains are medium sized with black in colour. It is recommended for cultivation in Tamil Nadu.

Keywords: VBG04-014; Blackgram; Yellow Mosaic Virus; Rainfed; Irrigated

Introduction

Blackgram Vigna mungo (L.) popularly known as urdbean in India. It is most important pulse crop in India. The varietal development in blackgram is necessary to fulfill the demand of people. Even though India is the highest producer in the world still the production level is very low compare to the requirement. The most serious disease of blackgram is Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus. Sources of resistance to MYMV have been identified in wild progenitor (Vigna mungo var. silvestris) of urdbean and it was used in breeding programmes to develop resistant varieties in urdbean [1,2]. The purpose of the study was to develop drought tolerant with yellow mosaic virus resistance. The objective of this programme was to develop mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistant variety since many of the available varieties were susceptible to MYMV disease which leads to heavy yield loss to the farmers. TNAU blackgram VBN 6 was developed and released as resistant variety against to MYMV with high yield potential to farming communities. The both parents of VBN 6 blackgram is different from VBN 7 blackgram variety. This variety having special feature is top podding nature after 50 per cent flowering of variety the pods are expose to top of the plants where as VBN 7 on par with the plant height or below the plants canopy.

Materials and Methods

Crossing programme was started during Rabi 2007 - 2008 between cultivated type with wild. The cultigene Vigna mungo Vamban 1(susceptible) with wild gene Vigna mungo var. silvestris 1 wild type (resistant). The urdbean variety Vamban1 is wide adaptable variety is having a high yield potential with susceptible to yellow mosaic virus used as donor.

Plant materials

The experimental materials are male and female parents and derivatives of forwarded generations. Female parent is Vigna mungo Vamban 1 and male parent is Vigna mungo var. silvestris 1 and seven F1s plants were raised. Collected seeds from selected F1s plants raised as F2 and forward F3 generations and further generation.

Methods of Phenotyping of mapping population

In the field condition, the MYMV infection can be evaluated by infector row method as described by Selvi et al. [3], (2006). The test materials were scored after 80% of plants showed MYMV incidence. The 203 individuals and progenies in the F2 and F3generation respectively were scored for MYMV infection using 1-9 rating scale suggested by Singh et al. (1988) is adopted. Selected field resistant genotypes under agro inoculation.

Agro inoculation test

Agro inoculation study was conducted in the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The tandem viral constructs of MYMV, VA 221 (KA30 DNA A + KA22 DNA B) and VA 239 (KA30 DNA A + KA27 DNA B) mobilized in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains Ach 5 and C 58 were collected from Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai and used for further studies. Agroinoculation was done on surface sterilized overnight sprouted seeds of the parents VBG01-0014 and Vigna mungo var silvestris and F2 individuals. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains harbouring the appropriate partial tandem repeat clone were grown to 1 Optical Density at 600 nm in 2 mL AB minimal medium pH 7.0 containing the antibiotics like streptomycin (150 mg L^-1), spectinomycin (50 mg L^-1) and tetracycline (5 mg L^-1) at 28°C at 220 rpm. From this, 1 mL of the culture was taken to inoculate, another 50 mL of AB minimal medium (pH - 7.0) containing the above-mentioned antibiotics and grown to 1 OD aL 600 nm at 28°C at 220 rpm. The culture was spinned at 4000 rpm for 10 min at 25°C. Cells obtained were re-suspended in 50 mL of AB minimal medium (pH - 5.6) with 100 in acetosyringone (100 μrn). Seed coat of the sprouted seeds was removed by using forceps and pricked around the hypocotyl region and were immediately immersed in the appropriate culture of A. tumefaciens. After the overnight incubation, seeds were washed with distilled water and sown in pots containing autoclaved sand and vermiculite in the ratio of 1:1. Agroinoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C, 60-70% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16/18h. The Hoagland's solution was applied twice in a week for proper growth of the plants and transferred to green house after 15 days for symptom observation [4,5].

The F1 s to F7 generation was raised at National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban. Tamil Nadu, South India. Primary and Advanced Yield Trials (PYT & AYT) were conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications along with local check variety (Vamban 5) at National Pulses Research Centre, TNAU, Vamban from 2005-2006. The culture VBG04-014 was further tested under multilocation trial (MLT) at different research stations of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University during Kharif 2007. It was promoted to Adaptive Research Trial (ART) during Kharif 2008 - 09 and was tested under farmers holdings in collaboration with State Department of Agriculture. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the quality traits viz. protein (Kelplus) available at Home Science College, AC&RI, Madurai.

Results and Discussion

Using crossed seeds, the true F1s of seven plants were tagged among 25 plants and 90 seeds were collected from seven plants and used for segregants and screening study. From 90 F1 seeds and 90 F₂ individual plants were recovered, all the 90 plants were raised as plant to row methods from F3 generations onwards. Selection was made for MYMV screening at F2 stage 3 lines are not having single spot of MYMV susceptible plant at the same time uniform and higher yield than other lines. Forwarding the plants as a single plant selection methods upto fifth generations. The same three lines consistently showing yellow mosaic resistant for all generation. Out of three lines, one line was selected which was higher yield with yellow mosaic virus resistant. This line was bulked and given name as VBG04-014 and forwarded to Primary Yield Trail, Advaced yield Trials, Multi location trials and Adaptive Research Trials.

This culture is tested in research station for three years (3 nos), multilocation trials (12 nos) for two years in various TNAU research stations, entire Tamil Nadu 30 districts adaptive research trials (100 nos) for two years and farmers field on farm trials (22 nos) for two years. The overall average yield for VBG04-014 is 871 kg/ha which is 21.30 and 15.82 percent increased yield over Vamban 4 (718 kg/ha) and Vamban 5 (752 kg/ha) respectively (Table 1). Under irrigated condition the above culture has recorded the yield of 890 kg/ha which is 25.17 and 16.33 per cent over the above check varieties Vamban 4 (711 kg/ha) and VBN (Bg) 5 (765 kg/ha) respectively (Table 2) and rainfed condition recorded yield of 850 kg/ha with 18.23 and 15.02 per cent yield increase over the check varieties Vamban 4 (724 kg/ha), and VBN (Bg) 5 (739 kg/ha) respectively (Table 3).

The Blackgram culture VBG04-014 is a cross derivative of Vamban 1 (susceptible) x Vigna mungo var. silvestris1 (resistant) were crossed. It has shorter duration and synchronized maturity of 65-70 days with top podding nature. The special features of this variety TNAU Blackgram VBN(Bg)6 is high yield, highly resistant to yellow mosaic virus (Table 6), pod borer, Powdery mildew (Table 4) and Leaf crinkle virus table 5 [6-8].

In Station trials the culture VBG04-014 has recorded 1100 kg/ha which is 36.81 and 28.35 per cent increased yield over the checks Vamban 4 (804 kg/ha) and VBN (Bg) 5 (857 kg/ha) respectively. In Multilocational trial the culture VBG04-014 has recorded 681 kg/ha which is 10.19 and 1.20 per cent increased yield over the checks Vamban 4 (618 kg/ha) and Vamban 5 (673 kg/ha). In Adaptive Research Trials (100 trials) the culture VBG04-014has recorded an average yield of 759 kg/ha which is 18.22 (642 kg/ha) and 18.59 (640 kg/ha) per cent increased yield over the checks Vamban 4 and VBN (Bg)5 respectively. The above trials during kharif seasons, the culture has recorded the higher mean yield more than 1000 kg/ha over the check varieties in five districts viz., Villupuram, Karur, Namakkal, Sivagangai and Tiruvannamalai, with highest yield of 1525 kg/ha in Nalluranpatti of Karur district. Under rabi season, the performance was good in Erode and Villupuram with highest yield of 1348 kg/ha at Koliyanur of Villupuram district [6-8].

In the On-Farm Trials (22 Nos.) conducted at Pudukkottai and Ariyalur districts, the culture VBG04-014has recorded 942 kg/ha which is 16.87 and 12.54 per cent increased yield over checks Vamban 4 (806 kg/ha) and VBN(Bg)5 (837 kg/ha) respectively [6-8].

The Blackgram culture VBG04-014contains protein content of 21.1% as against 20.5 of VBN (Bg) 4 and 20.2 of VBN (Bg) 5 (Table 7). The length, breadth and thickness of whole grain is maximum in the culture VBG04-014 and their distinct characters characters recorded in Table 8.

Based on the high yield coupled with resistance to MYMV. This culture VBG04-014 is identified as a new variety (TNAU Blackgram VBN 6) for cultivation in Tamil Nadu by State varietal Release committee [6-8].

References

1. Biswas KK, Anupam Varma. 2001. Evaluation of resistance in blackgram (Vigna mungo) to variants of mungbean yellow mosaic geminivirus. Indian Journal of Agricultural sciences. 71: 215-218. Ref.: https://bit.ly/2F0p58V 

2. Gupta O. 2003. Resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus, phenotypic characters and yield components in urdbean. Indian Phytopathology. 56: 110-111. Ref.: https://bit.ly/2MzGxW8 

3. Selvi R, Muthiah AR, Manivannan N, et al. 2006. Tagging of RAPD marker for MYMV resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Asian J Plant Sci. 5: 277-280. Ref.: https://bit.ly/2F0wm8O 

4. Balaji V, Vanitharani R, Karthikeyan AS, et al. 2004. Infectivity analysis of two variable DNA B components of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus-Vigna Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata. J Biosci. 29: 297-308. Ref.: https://bit.ly/39k0b1U 

5. Karthikeyan A, Sudha M, Pandiyan M, et al. 2011. Screening of MYMV Resistant Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) Progenies through Agroinoculation. International Journal of Plant Pathology. 2: 115-125. Ref.: https://bit.ly/2Q23oM8 

6. Pandiyan M, Geetha S, Gnanamalar RP, et al. 2018. A new high yielding MYMV disease resistant blackgram variety VBN 8. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 9: 1272-1279.

7. Pandiyan M, Senthil N, Ramamoorthi N, et al. 2010. Interspecific hybridization of Vigna radiata x 13 wild Vigna species for developing MYMV donar. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 1: 600-610. Ref.: https://bit.ly/2MycYUY 

8. Pandiyan M, Senthil N, Sivakumar P, et al. 2010. Genetic diversity analysis among greengram genotypes using RAPD markers. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 1: 466-473. Ref.: https://bit.ly/37iHyJQ 

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