Welcome to Global Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Abstract

This study shows the comparative analysis engineering, the physical and mechanical properties of river sand concrete with quarry dust concrete. The selected materials were batched by weight and volume. The water-cement ratio opted as 0.50 1:2:4 for mix ratio was selected for the experimental investigation respectively. The specimens were cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. For the purpose Slump, density, and compressive strength tests were carried out. The river sand concrete showed better results and greater density and compressive strength than quarry dust concrete for all curing ages. The 28 days of curing, river sand concrete rise the required compressive strength by 36%, whereas quarry dust concrete was less than the limit compressive strength by 12%. Both river sand concrete and quarry dust concrete for the selected water/cement ratio and mix ratio has been found suitable for non-structural applications and lightly-loaded members where high strength is not a prerequisite.

Keywords: River Sand; Quarry Dust; Density; Compressive Strength; Concrete

Introduction

Pakistan is a developing country; the construction industry is highly rising Concrete is the most important construction material widely used for Sustainable development. The various source materials like river sand, quarry dust, etc. Are used along with the fresh and recycled aggregates for rural and urban small and high-rise buildings [12]. For the purpose to make concrete a more sustainable construction material, efforts are being taken towards research on utilization of alternative recycled materials as whole or partial replacement of constituent materials in concrete. In Pakistan Sand and gravel represent the most widely consumed raw material after water and between 60-75% of aggregate mined each year is used for making concrete [11]. Natural sand found in rivers and valleys has been commonly used as fine aggregate in concrete. Natural sand contains rounded or cubical particles with smooth surface texture which provide good workability in concrete [4]. Sand consists of around 35% volume in a concrete mix [15]. The growing use of river sand as a raw material in the production of concrete and other industrial applications indicates that depletion of deposits of natural sand is inevitable. Specially depletion in natural sand deposits, as well as the dredging and excavation processes used in obtaining natural fine aggregate, may cause negative environmental impacts such as non-reversible landscape changes and threats to river ecosystems [12]. Considering the environmental hazards associated with mining natural sand, concerned authorities in some areas have placed restrictions using measures such as legislation and taxation [6-9]. A most suitable alternative to natural sand in the production of concrete is quarry dust, a by-product of rock quarrying. Quarry dust generally has particle sizes in the range of 0.05-5 mm and forms around 20-25% of the total output of rock crushing [6,10]. Considerable volumes of quarry dust are produced by rock quarrying industries which cause environmental problems. Only a small percentage of the quarry dust is used as filler in wearing courses of asphalt pavements [9]. The use of quarry dust as an alternative to river sand in concrete can provide solutions to problems of waste management, environmental degradation, and depletion of natural resources. Experiments have been performed on the use of quarry dust as a total or partial replacement of river sand in concrete. For 28 days of curing, partial replacement of fine aggregate with 20- 50% quarry dust content resulted in optimum compressive strength of concrete for several mix ratios and water/cement ratios [1-6]. Engineers have also used quarry dust as a total replacement of sand in concrete. Quarry dust concrete for curing age of 28 days resulted in higher compressive strength than river sand concrete [6,7-8]. While a few studies showed lower compressive strength for quarry dust concrete in comparison with river sand concrete. Results on workability and density of quarry dust concrete are also different. This study compared the workability, density, and compressive strength of quarry dust concrete with river sand concrete using a similar mix ratio and water/cement ratio. A similar quantity and type of cement, water, and coarse aggregate were used in this study.

Materials and Methods

Constituent Materials

OPC (Ordinary Portland cement) of grade 42.5R manufactured to standards were used. River sand and quarry dust was used as the fine aggregates used in the experimental investigation. River sand was dredged from Bolani river located in Jamshoro, Sindh province Pakistan while quarrying dust was obtained from a quarry plant in the same vicinity. Crushed limestone aggregates of 20 mm nominal size were obtained from a quarry plant in the same area and used as coarse aggregate. The river water was used for washing the aggregates, as well as mixing and curing the concrete specimens.

Testing of Aggregates

The physical & engineering properties including particle size distribution of the fine aggregates were determined. Generally tested physical properties of both fine and coarse aggregates were specific gravity and density. Fineness modulus was determined for both river sand and quarry dust, along with aggregate impact and Los Angeles abrasion of the crushed limestone was tested.

Preparation and Testing of Concrete Specimens

C M R (Concrete mix ratio) was batched by weight & volume. The mix ratio and water-cement ratio selected for the investigation were 1:2:4 and 0.55, respectively. Mix ratio 1:2:4 is a specified prescribed mix that correlates to normal concrete strength [14]. Two separate groups of concrete specimens were prepared: a mix containing 100% quarry dust as fine aggregate and another mix containing 100% river sand which served as content. No additives were used. The constituent materials were mixed manually. The cement and aggregates were first thoroughly mixed in a dry state. The water of the calculated quantity was gradually added to the dry mixture with continuous mixing. Concrete cubes of size 150 × 150 × 150 mm were prepared and cured. Sample specimens were put in the molds for 24 hours to set before being demolished and cured. The specimens were cured by immersion in a water tank for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively. The slump cone test of fresh concrete, the density of hardened concrete, and compressive strength of hardened concrete were tested and observed.

Slump, density, and compressive strength tests of the specimens were carried out in accordance with [3,4] respectively. Density and compressive strength results were obtained for the concrete cubes at 7,14,21, and 28 days of curing. The density and compressive strength are represented by the average values of three concrete cubes for each curing age.

Results and Discussion

Aggregates

Sieve analysis or particle size distribution of river sand and quarry dust are shown in figure 1. The coefficient of curvature, Cc of river sand is 0.96 and the uniformity coefficient, Cu of river sand is 2.11. The obtained values for quarry dust are 0.8 and 5.45, respectively. A well-graded soil has a Cu value of 5 or more and a Cc value between 1 and 3 [15]. The values show that the river sand has a small range of particle size whereas the quarry dust has a wider range of particle sizes. Both aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grading requirements for fine aggregates and are suitable for producing concrete mix [10].

Figure 1: Particle size distribution curves for river sand and quarry dust.

After the engineering experiments, the obtained results of physical properties of the fine aggregates are given in Table 1, while the physical and mechanical properties of the coarse aggregate are given in Table 2. The experimental values obtained for specific gravity of the aggregates were within the range for normal. Weight aggregates although quarry dust slightly exceeded the maximum limit stated in Neville and Brooks [7]. It should be noted that the permissible limits for specific gravity given in Tables 1 and 2 are not strict requirements for aggregates, but only represent the range for specific gravity of most normal-weight aggregates used in preparing concrete. The bulk densities of the river sand, quarry dust, and limestone are similar to values mentioned in previous investigations [9]. The few modulus noted for the fine aggregates indicates that river sand has relatively finer grains whereas quarry dust has coarser grains.

Slump

The quarry dust concrete and river sand concrete shoed slump test values of 80 mm and 60 mm, respectively. And, a fresh concrete mix of quarry dust concrete showed lower workability than river sand concrete for the 1:2:4 mix ratio and the water-cement ratio of 0.55. The higher slump interposed for quarry dust may be due to higher sand content in quarry dust. Since the water content and cement content were constant, workability is anticipated to be lower in the concrete mix containing finer particles of fine aggregate. The quarry dust used in the study has a higher percentage of coarse sand grains than river sand. An increase in fines content generally indicates to lower slump if the water content remains the same. Finer particles having a higher surface area which requires more amount of water for wetting. The slump test result of both quarry dust concrete and river sand concrete fell within the range of 25-100 mm, indicating medium workability [13].

Density

In Figure 2. The graph shows the density results of river sand concrete and quarry dust concrete. The bulk density of normal weight concrete usually lies between range from 2200-2600 kg/m3 [5]. The density of all the specimens falls within the range of normal-weight concrete. The densities increase with curing age, with 7 days correlating to the lowest density and 28 days having the highest density. There has been an increase in 7.6% between the densities of the 7-day and 28-day curing age of river sand concrete. And for the quarry dust concrete, the corresponding increase was 4.8%. The increase in the density is attained to the compaction effect of the hydration process on the internal matrix of the concrete specimens due to curing [16-18].

Figure 2: Density development of concrete specimens with age of curing.

The proportion of silt/clay particles in quarry dust compared with river sand. Presence of very fine particles in aggregate trends interacting with the bond between cement paste and aggregate, which is the cause of reduction in strength.

Conclusion

The properties of river sand concrete and quarry dust concrete have been compared in terms of slump, density and compressive strength. For the 1:2:4 mix ratio and 0.55 water-cement ratio, river sand concrete gave higher density and compressive strength than quarry dust concrete. However, quarry dust concrete had more workability. Both river sand concrete and quarry dust concrete can be applied in non-structural members and lightly-loaded members where high strength is not a prerequisite. The river sand concrete is also suitable for production of normal reinforced concrete.

References

1. Frigione M. 2015. If the buildings were made of bottles. Edorium Journal of Waste Management. 1: 20-22.

2. Elliot JA. 2006. An introduction to sustainable development (3rd ed). Oxford, UK: Routledge.

3. UNEP Global Environmental Alert Servic. 2014. Sand, rarer than one thinks. Retrieved July 3.

4. Shetty MS. 2012. Concrete technology: Theory and practice (6th revised ed). New Delhi, India: S. Chand.

5. Akinboboye FAO, Adegbesan OO, Ayegbusi OA. et al. 2015. Comparison of the compressive strength of concrete produced using sand from different sources. International Journal of Academic Research in Environment and Geograph. 2: 6-16.

6. Rajapaksha RWCN, Sooriyaarachchi HP. 2009. Feasibility of quarry dust to replace river sand as fine aggregate of concrete. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka. 42: 30-37.

7. Söderholm P. 2011. Taxing virgin natural resources: Lessons from aggregates taxation in Europe. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 55: 911-922.

8. Bahn-Walkowiak B, Bleischwitz R, Distelkamp M, et al. 2012. Taxing construction minerals: a contribution to a resource-efficient Europe. Mineral Economics. 25: 29-43.

9. Anya CU, Osadebe NN. 2015. Effect of partial replacement of sand with quarry dust on the structural characteristics of sandcrete blocks. Nigerian Journal of Technology. 34: 679-684.

10. Agbede OI, Joel M. 2004. Suitability of quarry dust as partial replacement for sand in hollow block production. Nigerian Journal of Engineering Research Development. 3: 33-37.

11. Joel M. 2010. Use of crushed granite fine as replacement to river sand in concrete production. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. 17: 85-96.

12. Nagabhushana, bai HS. 2011. Use of crushed rock powder as replacement of fine aggregate in mortar and concrete. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 4: 917- 922.

13. Balamurugan G, Perumal P. 2013. Behaviour of concrete on the use of quarry dust to replace sand-An experimental study. IRACST-Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal. 3: 776-781.

14. Manguriu GN, Karugu CK, Oyawa WO, et al. 2013. Partial replacement of natural river sand with crushed rock sand in concrete production. Global Engineers & Technologists Review. 3: 7-14.

15. Rajput VS, Pandey S, Jain D. et al. 2014. Use of quarry fine as partial replacement of concrete as a replacement of fine aggregate in concrete (evaluation of workability and compressive strength). International Journal for Scientific Research & Development. 2: 161-164.

16. Prakash KS Rao CH. 2016. Study on compressive strength of quarry dust as fine aggregate in concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering. Article ID 1742769. 5.

17. Ilangovana R, Mahendrana N, Nagamanib K. 2008. Strength and durability properties of concrete containing quarry rock dust as fine aggregate. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 3: 20-26.

18. Chijioke C, Igwegbe W, Ibearugbulem O, et al. 2014. Comparing the compressive strengths of concrete made with river sand and quarry dust as fine.

Download Provisional PDF Here